Paper title: |
EFFECT OF SIX MONTHS EX ERCISE TRAINING IN OLDER ADULTS. THE RESULTS OF THE ERASMUS PLUS PACE PROJECT |
DOI: | 10.4316/SAM.2020.0107 |
Published in: | Volume XIII issue 1/ 2020 |
Publishing date: | 2020 |
Pages: | 53-64 |
Author(s): |
Carbonell-Hernández, L. Ballester-Ferrer J.A. Cervelló E., Pastor D |
Abstract. | The PACE (Physical Activity Enhancement) Project is a European Erasmus + KA2 project, funding by European Commission, who keeps in contact five organizations from five different European countries to create a manual about physical exercise programs for older adults. 132 adults from four different countries participate in a six-month pilot program, with different activities in the four different countries. Participants were divided into two groups, one of younger elders, from 50 to 65 years, and another of old elders, 65-75 years old. All the activities were designed to include aerobic and strength exercises. Physical fitness and well-being vitality were measured before and after six months of practice, all aggregated or divided in two blocks of three months separated by 3 months holiday period. Both groups improve leg strength and vitality well-being, and the older elders also improve aerobic resistance and arm strength. There were no differences between countries in the improvements, neither were differences between the six months continuum training or divided into two blocks of three months. All the activities described in de PACE document seems to have the same efficiency to improve physical fitness in older adults and offers different ways to achieve it. |
Keywords: | Exercise, Aging, Fitness, Well-being, Vitality |
References: |
1. Park DC, Yeo SG (2013) Aging. Korean J Audiol 17: 39-44 2. Jones OR, Scheuerlein A, Salguero-Gomez R, Camarda CG, Schaible R, et al. (2014) Diversity of ageing across the tree of life. Nature 505: 169-173. 3. Miljkovic N, Lim JY, Miljkovic I, Frontera WR (2015) Aging of skeletal muscle fibers. Ann Rehabil Med 39: 155-162. 4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyere O, et al. (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48: 601. 5. Addison O, Marcus RL, Lastayo PC, Ryan AS (2014) Intermuscular fat: a review of the consequences and causes. Int J Endocrinol 2014: 309570. 6. Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS (2008) Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Biogerontology 9: 213-228. 7. Aagaard P, Suetta C, Caserotti P, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M (2010) Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20: 49-64. 8. Edvardsen E, Hansen BH, Holme IM, Dyrstad SM, Anderssen SA (2013) Reference values for cardiorespiratory response and fitness on the treadmill in a 20- to 85-year-old population. Chest 144: 241-248. 9. Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR (2001) Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37: 153-156. 10. Celik M, Yalcinkaya E, Yuksel UC, Gokoglan Y, Bugan B, et al. (2015) The effect of age on right ventricular diastolic function in healthy subjects undergoing treadmill exercise test. Echocardiography 32: 436-442. 11. Mendonca GV, Pezarat-Correia P, Vaz JR, Silva L, Heffernan KS (2017) Impact of Aging on Endurance and Neuromuscular Physical Performance: The Role of Vascular Senescence. Sports Med 47: 583-598. 12. Peterson CM, Johannsen DL, Ravussin E (2012) Skeletal muscle mitochondria and aging: a review. J Aging Res 2012: 194821. 13. Seidler RD, Bernard JA, Burutolu TB, Fling BW, Gordon MT, et al. (2010) Motor control and aging: links to age-related brain structural, functional, and biochemical effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34: 721-733. 14. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, et al. (2009) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 1510-1530. 15. Mayer F, Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Carlsohn A, Cassel M, Muller S, et al. (2011) The intensity and effects of strength training in the elderly. Dtsch Arztebl Int 108: 359-364. 16. Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Sen A, Gordon PM (2010) Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 9: 226- 237. 17. Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, et al. (2019) Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res 33: 2019-2052. 18. Valenzuela PL, Castillo-Garcia A, Morales JS, Izquierdo M, Serra-Rexach JA, et al. (2019) Physical Exercise in the Oldest Old. Compr Physiol 9: 1281- 1304. 19. Vigorito C, Giallauria F (2014) Effects of exercise on cardiovascular performance in the elderly. Front Physiol 5: 51. 20. Ehlers DK, Salerno EA, Aguiñaga S, McAuley E (2018) Physical activity interventions: Effects on well-being outcomes in older adults. In: Diener E, Oishi S, Tay L, editors. Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City: DEF Publishers. 21. McAuley E, Elavsky S, Motl RW, Konopack JF, Hu L, et al. (2005) Physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem: longitudinal relationships in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 60: P268-275. 22. Netz Y, Wu MJ, Becker BJ, Tenenbaum G (2005) Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychol Aging 20: 272-284. 23. Rikli RE, Jones CJ (2013) Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years. Gerontologist 53: 255-267. 24. Kline GM, Porcari JP, Hintermeister R, Freedson PS, Ward A, et al. (1987) Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight. Med Sci Sports Exerc 19: 253-259. 25. Ryan RM, Frederick C (1997) On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality 65: 529-565. 26. Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. London, England: Academic Press INC. 27. Cohen J (1992) Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1: 98-101. 28. Okazaki K, Iwasaki K, Prasad A, Palmer MD, Martini ER, et al. (2005) Doseresponse relationship of endurance training for autonomic circulatory control in healthy seniors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99: 1041-1049. 29. Fujimoto N, Prasad A, Hastings JL, Arbab-Zadeh A, Bhella PS, et al. (2010) Cardiovascular effects of 1 year of progressive and vigorous exercise training in previously sedentary individuals older than 65 years of age. Circulation 122: 1797-1805. 30. Zhang Q, Lu H, Pan S, Lin Y, Zhou K, et al. (2017) 6MWT Performance and its Correlations with VO(2) and Handgrip Strength in Home-Dwelling MidAged and Older Chinese. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14. 31. Cervelló E, Peruyero F, Montero C, Gonzalez-Cutre D, Beltrán-Carrillo VJ, et al. (2014) Exercise, psychological well-being, sleep quality and situational motivation in physical education students. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 14: 31-38. 32. Pastor D, Cervelló E, Peruyero F, Biddle S, Montero C (2019) Acute physical exercise intensity, cognitive inhibition and psychological well-being in adolescent physical education students. Current Psychology. |
Back to the journal content |